# Welcome to Zulu Network Zulu Network is the first Native Bitcoin DePIN Layer optimized for decentralized AI+ DePIN implementations. ## Introduction Zulu Network is an innovative layer 2 solution for Bitcoin, focusing on Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). By leveraging the security and stability of the Bitcoin blockchain, Zulu Network empowers users to participate in staking and contribute to decentralized applications with enhanced scalability and efficiency. Zulu aims to empower decentralization by harnessing Bitcoin's strength through its innovative Layer 2 Solution optimized for AI + DePIN. > **The Native Bitcoin AI+ DePIN Layer**
## Vision and Mission At Zulu Network, our vision is to democratize access to staking and participation in decentralized networks, ensuring that everyone can contribute to and benefit from the growing landscape of blockchain technology. Our mission is to provide a seamless and user-friendly platform that integrates DePIN with cutting-edge AI applications. Zulu Network mission is to build a decentralized ecosystem where AI and DePIN innovations could be powered by staking. By enabling participants to contribute and stake while earning Bitcoin, we foster a thriving community. ## Why Bitcoin? As the first and most secure blockchain, Bitcoin serves as an ideal foundation for our layer 2 solutions. By building on Bitcoin, we inherit its security and decentralization while enabling advanced use cases through our unique architecture. Bitcoin always finds a way to make itself newly relevant in surprising ways. While maintaining its core use case as a decentralized store of value, ingenious creators build new applications on top that may never have crossed Satoshi's mind. Today, that's DePIN, or Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks. Bitcoin's robust security model, established network effects, and decentralized nature make it an ideal platform for implementing DePIN solutions. Several key attributes contribute to Bitcoin's suitability for this purpose, enhancing its appeal as a foundational layer for decentralized applications. ## Zulu EVM Layer Layer 2 on Bitcoin, prioritizing EVM compatibility, liquidity, and delivering stable and sophisticated DeFi applications and Financial Services to the Bitcoin Network, while facilitating the integration of existing DePIN implementations to Bitcoin, without the need to navigate to other ecosystems. Zulu Network is built on a robust architecture that combines Bitcoin’s security features with EVM compatibility, facilitating seamless integration with existing Ethereum dApps, positioning Zulu as a robust platform for AI and DePIN innovations on Bitcoin. [Tech details. ](/core-concepts/evm-layer-l2) ## Zulu DePIN Layer Layer 3 on Bitcoin. It employs a hybrid VM design that is not EVM compatible but supports both UTXO and Account types. This design preserves the capabilities of Bitcoin, while adding extra features, enabling developers to explore new innovative possibilities. on DePIN and AI. [Tech details. ](/core-concepts/depin-layer-l3) ## The Zulu Network

Zulu's Unique Architecture

The EVM and DePIN layers are interconnected through a seamless bridge, facilitating swift asset transfers between them. The validity of Zulu’s state transitions is verified directly on the Bitcoin Network through a [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) bridge, introducing Turing-complete programmability to Bitcoin. This innovative approach enhances the overall functionality and compatibility of the Zulu Network, marking a significant step forward in the realm of DeFi on the Bitcoin blockchain and beyond. # ZK-Powered Architecture The Zulu Network introduces a pioneering ZK-powered architecture, optimized on DePIN + AI within the Bitcoin ecosystem, designed to significantly enhance Bitcoin's functionality and applicability. ## The Zulu Network Zulu Network (“Zulu”) stands out as a ZK Bitcoin Protocol introducing a double-tiered architecture, meticulously considering both stability and innovation. The Zulu Network is optimized for AI + DePIN implementations on Bitcoin. Relying solely on EVM compatibility poses challenges, such as limited ecosystem innovation and application scenarios. On the other hand, exclusively retaining UTXO characteristics carries inherent risk issues. To address these concerns and facilitate the use of fast DeFi protocols on the Bitcoin Network, Zulu has ingeniously proposed a dual-layer architecture design. > This exciting approach aims to support developers in exploring innovative applications based on both the UTXO and Account models. Additionally, it seeks to sustain the growth of new protocols in DePIN and AI, ensuring the continued prosperity of the Bitcoin ecosystem. The dual-layer architecture design is visually represented below:

Zulu's Unique Architecture

### Bitcoin as Settlement Layer (L1) Bitcoin assumes the role of a Settlement Layer. However, due to its inherent programmability limitations, running a ZKP verification program directly on Bitcoin is impractical. Nevertheless, leveraging BitVM technology enables the implementation of a trust-minimized solution, facilitating the verification of ZKP on the Bitcoin network. In fact, within the framework of trust minimization, any program executed on BitVM can undergo verification on the Bitcoin blockchain. [You can read more about Zulu's breakthroughs on ZKP verification on Bitcoin here.](https://www.binance.com/en/square/post/2024-05-30-zulu-network-zkp-8793168498985) Simultaneously, all native assets are initially issued on the base layer. All those assets can be seamlessly moved to Zulu through different bridges. Zulu can integrate with existing bridges, such as Orbiter or Polyheldra, enabling the trustless transfer of assets from non-Bitcoin chains to Zulu. However, achieving trustless cross-chain bridges for assets on Bitcoin is challenging due to the absence of support for smart contracts on the Bitcoin blockchain. Nevertheless, trust-minimized bridges can still be realized through the BitVM + 2-way peg mechanism. ### Zulu EVM Layer (L2) The emergence of the Ordinals protocol has enabled the issuance of new tokens on Bitcoin, adhering to the BRC20 token standard. However, these tokens, constrained by their current capabilities, are limited to transfer operations. Consequently, there is an urgent need to integrate DeFi applications, DePIN, and AI implementations into Bitcoin's L2, allowing these Bitcoin-based assets to leverage decentralized applications (dApps). Given the close association of these applications with user assets, prioritizing the security and reliability of these dApps is crucial to minimizing potential asset losses for users. In response to this imperative, Zulu will introduce an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) into his Layer 2, referred to as Zulu EVM. The Zulu EVM layer will be constructed on the ZK stack of zkSync, a well-established, high-performance, and EVM-compatible Zero-Knowledge EVM (ZKEVM) solution. This EVM compatibility facilitates the seamless migration and deployment of the Ethereum ecosystem onto Zulu EVM. Once Bitcoin assets are bridged to Zulu EVM, users can fully access and benefit from these mature dApps. Acknowledging the computational demands for Zero-Knowledge (ZK) proof operations on Zulu EVM, a Proof-of-Work (PoW) mechanism has been introduced to ensure ample computing power on the network. Unlike traditional PoW, Zulu EVM's PoW primarily focuses on calculations related to the core operators of the ZK algorithm. Considering the potential high costs associated with submitting proof for each block to the Bitcoin network, a certain number of proofs will be aggregated under normal circumstances to reduce the frequency of verification submissions to the Bitcoin Network. However, there is a challenge when the validity of the proof has not been verified before submission to the Bitcoin Network, and the state on Zulu EVM remains unfinalized. To address this, Zulu EVM will establish a Proof-of-Stake (PoS)-based verification network to promptly verify the proof for each block. This verification occurs before the proofs are submitted to Bitcoin, instilling trust in the PoS-based verification network. [Read more about Zulu's EVM Layer here. ](/core-concepts/evm-layer-l2) ### Zulu DePIN Layer (L3) As discussed in the preceding chapter, Zulu holds the belief that merely supporting the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) onto the Bitcoin ecosystem does not constitute the entirety of the ecosystem. This is because users have the straightforward option of transferring assets from Bitcoin to Ethereum, achieving a comparable outcome. We have identified the Ordinals protocol and Atomical protocol as noteworthy and innovative initiatives within the native asset realm of the Bitcoin Network. As the designated Layer 2 (L2) solution for Bitcoin, it is crucial for Zulu to safeguard this fertile ground for innovation and create a platform that is more user-friendly for developers. ZuluNexus has been conceived for precisely this purpose. Positioned on top of ZuluPrime, it functions as both the Layer 2 (L2) of ZuluPrime and Layer 3 (L3) of Bitcoin. The strategic advantage of this arrangement is that, as an innovative Layer, ZuluNexus exclusively interacts with ZuluPrime. The innovation within ZuluNexus is rooted in its Virtual Machine (VM) design. In contrast to ZuluPrime's EVM, the VM implemented in ZuluNexus is an entirely new construct, unifying BTC and ETH asset types (UTXO & Account). Simultaneously, it extends the capabilities of the UTXO type, enabling the authoring of smart contracts based on the UTXO model. Zulu incorporates insights from the designs of Aleo, Aztec, and Ola in this realm, building upon and expanding their foundations. [Read more about Zulu's DePIN Layer here.](#zulu-depin-layer-l3) # Why is Zulu Needed? Why is the Zulu Network needed? People want to innovate and earn on Bitcoin, but the ecosystem has limitations. Bitcoin is ready to evolve from a pure store of value to something bigger: DePIN, BitFi (Bitcoin Native DeFi), EVM + BTC, and AI innovation.
While there are intriguing tech solutions being built on Bitcoin, the ecosystem currently faces three clear limitations: * Big demand, but poor infrastructure. * Fragmented and siloed ecosystems (example Bitcoin Layer 2s). * Technical limitations for mass adoption. ## Zulu Solves Bitcoin Ecosystem Limitations
With a programmable, open, and extendable architecture, Zulu is poised to revolutionize the Bitcoin economy and start a new era of crypto innovation. ## Zulu: Bitcoin Protocol for DePIN and AI #### Smart contracts, scalability and innovation. Zulu is building a genuine ecosystem within the Bitcoin industry, allowing existing Bitcoin assets to engage with sophisticated DeFi applications and Financial Services, while preserving the original security, reliability, and capabilities of the Bitcoin Network. The Zulu Network provides developers with a space for ongoing and sustained innovation. Zulu does not favor any specific technical direction, but rather is committed to integrating the strengths of various approaches to foster **true prosperity within the Bitcoin industry**.
## Integrating DePIN and Blockchain The integration of physical infrastructure with blockchain remains fragmented, restricting the potential for decentralized collaboration. This fragmentation restricts the scalability and efficiency of decentralized networks across industries such as supply chain management, energy grids, and IoT systems, limiting the full potential of blockchain's trust less, transparent nature. However, if these integration challenges can be solved, it could unlock a new wave of innovation, not only enhancing decentralized collaboration but also powering future advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). The Zulu Network is an innovative layer 2 solution for Bitcoin, focusing on Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). By leveraging the security and stability of the Bitcoin blockchain, Zulu Network empowers users to participate in staking and contribute to decentralized applications with enhanced scalability and efficiency.
## Massive Bitcoin Ecosystem Opportunity The Bitcoin ecosystem presents a massive untapped opportunity, valued in the trillions, yet its potential for decentralized applications and infrastructure has remained largely unrealized. **Zulu Network**, with its focus on **DePIN** (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks) and **AI** innovations, is poised to unlock this vast potential. By bringing **DePIN** and **AI** onto Bitcoin’s robust and secure Layer 2, Zulu enables decentralized resource sharing, tokenized computing, and advanced AI applications directly on the Bitcoin network. This transformative approach goes beyond Bitcoin’s traditional role as a store of value, offering real-world utility in sectors like AI, IoT, and decentralized infrastructure, and opening Bitcoin to unprecedented scalability and innovation.

https://www.dlnews.com/articles/markets/hedge-fund-pantera-on-500bn-usd-bitcoin-defi-opportunity/

### EVM + UTXO Layers will Spark a Revolution Zulu is Empowering the Bitcoin Network with smart contracts, dApps, and limitless innovation. The following is a summary of the technical characteristics of ZuluPrime and ZuluNexus, highlighting the potential of Zulu, which will be elaborated on in subsequent chapters: | Zulu EVM Layer Features | Zulu DePIN Layer Features | | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | **EVM Compatibility:** Implementing an EVM-compatible Layer 2 based on [zkSync](https://twitter.com/zksync)'s ZK stack. | **Hybrid Type:** Support UTXO and Account asset types. | | **ZK-Based:** Generating a stark proof for each block. | **Programmable:** Support smart contracts. | | **Verify on L2:** Establishing a verifying network in the Layer 2 to quickly validate proofs before submitting it for verification on Bitcoin, prioritizing security and cost efficiency. | **ZK-Based:** Generating a stark proof for each block. | | **Verify on Bitcoin:** Employ BitVM technology to verify Layer 2 proofs on the Bitcoin network. | **Verify on Zulu EVM.** | | **Store on DA Service:** Place transaction data on a Data Availability (DA) service, such as [Celestia](https://twitter.com/CelestiaOrg), [Eigenlayer](https://twitter.com/eigenlayer), and other DA services. | **Store on DA Service:** Place transaction data on a Data Availability (DA) service, such as [Celestia](https://twitter.com/CelestiaOrg), [Eigenlayer](https://twitter.com/eigenlayer), and other DA services. | | **Trust-Minimized Bridge:** Ensure secure asset cross-chain transactions between Zulu EVM and Bitcoin, implementing [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) and [2-way peg](https://thebitcoinmanual.com/articles/bitvm-2-way-pegs/) technology. | **Decentralized Bridge:** Ensure secure asset cross-chain transactions between Zulu EVM and Zulu DePIN. | > The Future is Zulu! # DePIN & AI on Bitcoin The potential of AI combined with DePIN is immense. By decentralizing the infrastructure that powers AI, we can democratize access to computing resources, enabling innovation at scale. ## AI + DePIN Market Dynamics DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks) is set to transform industries by decentralizing the control and ownership of physical infrastructure, from wireless networks to energy grids. With AI rapidly advancing, the need for more distributed and secure infrastructure is becoming critical. AI relies on vast amounts of data and computing power, but currently, centralized entities control much of this infrastructure. The potential of AI combined with DePIN is immense. By decentralizing the infrastructure that powers AI, we can democratize access to computing resources, enabling innovation at scale. Imagine a world where AI applications are powered by networks of devices owned and operated by individuals, not corporations. Decentralized infrastructure could provide AI with more efficient, secure, and distributed data sources, leading to advancements in machine learning, autonomous systems, and intelligent applications. DePIN will unlock the true potential of AI by breaking down centralized control, paving the way for a more equitable and innovative future. [DePIN use cases.](#potential-depin-use-cases) [AI implementations.](#ai-implementations-on-zulu) [Bitcoin's DePIN future.](#zulu-network-and-bitcoins-depin-future)
## Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) represent a transformative approach to connecting physical infrastructure with decentralized digital networks. This innovative model integrates physical assets—such as energy systems, telecommunications infrastructure, and transportation networks—within a framework that enables decentralized control and management through blockchain technology. By utilizing decentralized protocols, DePIN allows for more efficient resource utilization, transparency, and democratized access to physical networks. This connection fosters greater resilience and flexibility in managing infrastructure, empowering communities to take control over their services and reducing reliance on centralized entities. In a DePIN ecosystem, participants can engage in various roles, such as providers of infrastructure, validators, or users of the services. This model enhances cooperation among different stakeholders, ensuring that value is distributed fairly and that the interests of all participants are considered. Furthermore, DePIN systems can facilitate new business models, enabling individuals and organizations to contribute to and benefit from shared physical resources in a seamless manner. By leveraging the security and transparency of blockchain, DePIN aims to create sustainable and community-driven infrastructure solutions that can adapt to evolving needs and technological advancements. An exciting opportunity arises for users to passively participate in the operation of these decentralized networks through staking their assets. By staking their tokens, users can contribute to the stability and security of the DePIN ecosystem, which not only helps maintain the integrity of the system but also allows them to earn rewards in return. This staking mechanism incentivizes participation, as users can generate passive income while supporting the growth and operation of essential infrastructure services in their communities. As DePIN expands, savvy users can capitalize on this opportunity, aligning their financial interests with the success of decentralized infrastructure initiatives. ## Potential DePIN Use cases Here are several use cases for Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN), including applications in computing power, mining, IoT integrations, and more: **1. Decentralized Cloud Computing:** DePIN can facilitate a network of distributed computing resources where users share their excess computing power. Those contributing their hardware can earn tokens in exchange for providing processing power for various applications, such as data analytics, machine learning, or rendering. **2. Decentralized Mining:** In the context of DePIN, mining operations can become more decentralized by allowing smaller miners to contribute their computational resources to a pooled network. This can help mitigate the centralization often seen in mining, providing fair rewards for all participants based on their contributions. **3. IoT Integrations:** DePIN can integrate IoT devices, enabling them to communicate and operate within a decentralized framework. Smart devices can share data and resources, creating more efficient energy management systems, environmental monitoring, or automated supply chains while ensuring data ownership and security for users. **4. Energy Trading Platforms:** Individuals and businesses can use DePIN to engage in peer-to-peer energy trading. By connecting renewable energy sources such as solar panels to a decentralized network, users can buy and sell excess energy directly with each other, optimizing energy distribution and reducing reliance on traditional utilities. **5. Smart Cities:** DePIN can support the infrastructure of smart cities by providing a decentralized platform for interconnected services such as traffic management, waste management, and public safety systems. By enabling data sharing among various city services, cities can become more efficient, sustainable, and responsive to citizen needs. **6. Supply Chain Management:** Decentralized networks can enhance supply chain transparency and efficiency by allowing participants to track goods in real time, verify sources, and authenticate products through distributed ledgers. This can reduce fraud, improve trust among stakeholders, and streamline logistical operations. **7. Decentralized Telecommunications:** Building telecommunications networks based on DePIN can allow users to stake resources such as bandwidth or access points, creating a decentralized and community-driven internet service. This can provide greater access to underserved areas and reduce reliance on traditional providers. These use cases demonstrate the versatility of DePIN in creating sustainable, efficient, and decentralized solutions across various domains while fostering community engagement and participation. ## AI Implementations on Zulu Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Zulu Network ecosystem presents unique opportunities for various projects to mobilize community engagement through tokenized decentralized AI and Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN). By leveraging Zulu Network's robust staking mechanisms, these projects can allow users to actively participate in the operational processes of their ecosystems. For instance, projects can utilize AI-driven analytics to determine optimal staking parameters, providing users with clear, data-backed insights to inform their involvement. This not only empowers users to make informed choices regarding their staked contributions but also enhances the overall network’s stability and performance. Moreover, projects can streamline their operational processes through AI-enabled automation within the Zulu Network. By employing smart contracts that adapt based on real-time data and user behavior, projects can efficiently allocate resources, dynamically adjust staking rewards, and maintain robust governance structures. Such automation minimizes administrative burdens and allows projects to focus on innovation, enhancing user experience and incentivizing participation. The predictive capabilities of AI can also help projects maintain and optimize their infrastructure, thereby reducing potential downtime and ensuring that users’ staked resources are effectively utilized. Furthermore, users on Zulu Network can facilitate new trading opportunities for users after they participate in staking. Projects can create liquidity pools tied to their tokenized offerings, empowering users to stake their assets while maintaining the ability to trade or reallocate them as market conditions change. This dual capability not only maximizes user engagement but also allows projects to align incentives with their community. By integrating AI and DePIN strategies, projects can cultivate a more dynamic ecosystem where users are given the tools to optimize their investments, contribute to network operations, and benefit from the rewards generated by their participation, fostering a sustainable and mutually beneficial environment within the Zulu Network. ## Zulu Network and Bitcoin's DePIN Future By integrating AI and DePIN strategies, projects can cultivate a more dynamic ecosystem where users are given the tools to optimize their investments, contribute to network operations, and benefit from the rewards generated by their participation, fostering a sustainable and mutually beneficial environment within the Zulu Network. Zulu Network exemplifies how DePIN can serve as the latest innovation to push Bitcoin forward. By unlocking new economic opportunities and empowering users to harness their resources effectively, Zulu is poised to play a crucial role in shaping a future where technology enhances our collective capabilities and enriches lives worldwide. By fostering an environment where individuals can collaborate, innovate, and prosper together, Zulu Network is helping to pave the way for a new era of shared prosperity fueled by decentralized technologies. As we look toward the future, it is clear that Zulu Network is not just building a DePIN layer on Bitcoin; it is actively contributing to the scaffolding of human progress. # EVM Layer (L2) Zulu EVM operates as a Layer 2 solution for Bitcoin, focusing on EVM compatibility and DePIN + AI integrations, offering sophisticated DeFi applications and financial services on the Bitcoin Network. > TLDR: > > Zulu EVM operates as a Layer 2 solution on Bitcoin, focusing on EVM compatibility, liquidity, and DePIN + AI implementations, offering sophisticated DeFi applications and financial services, facilitating asset use without needing to move to other ecosystems​​. Zulu EVM is positioned as the Layer 2 (L2) solution on the Bitcoin network, presenting itself as a Zero-Knowledge EVM (ZKEVM) solution constructed on the ZK stack of zkSync. Transactions conducted on Zulu EVM undergo bundling into blocks before execution. The Sequencer plays a crucial role in providing the world state both before and after the execution of all transactions within the current block. In the event of doubt, any individual can act as a Challenger, challenging the execution of the current block. Theoretically, these transactions require re-execution on Layer 1 (L1) to ensure confirmation at the same security level as Layer 1. However, due to Bitcoin's inability to execute smart contracts (which may originate from various smart contract calls), ensuring L2 security becomes challenging. BitVM introduces programmability to the Bitcoin network, operating on the premise of minimum trust (1 of N level, ensuring a sufficiently large N). This, to some extent, addresses the problem described above of replaying transactions on Bitcoin. However, upon meticulous evaluation, certain challenges persist; notably, the necessity to deploy all smart contracts on BitVM. From the standpoint of verifying the validity of transaction execution, this presents an inherently inefficient solution in terms of resources, scalability, and data privacy.

Zulu EVM Architecture

To navigate past those challenges, we introduce the concept of Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZK). Essentially, a proof is generated for the execution of all transactions, and successful verification indicates the validity of the transaction execution. This method, from a verification standpoint, mitigates the impact of higher-level transaction types, as the ZKP verification program consistently runs on BitVM, irrespective of the transaction logic. The only variation between different blocks lies in the input of the program. To maintain uniformity in the execution environment, the verification network bases the execution environment of the ZKP verification program on BitVM. Subsequently, Challengers have the ability to challenge the results of its execution. Zulu EVM has a fast block generation speed, so it needs substantial computing power from different provers to generate proofs for blocks. Simultaneously, ordinary user engagement verify networks are also essential on the network. Given the low computing power requirements of the ZKP verification program, these networks facilitate swift verification of proofs, thereby ensuring system security. Zulu EVM's overarching objective is to enable users to access the verify network on their mobile phones, lowering the barrier for user participation. # DePIN Layer (L3) Zulu DePIN functions as Layer 3 for Bitcoin, optimized for DePIN + AI implementations, unifying UTXO and Account asset types on the Zulu Network. > TLDR: > > Zulu DePIN, positioned on top of Zulu EVM, functions as Layer 2 for The Zulu Network and Layer 3 for Bitcoin, innovatively unifying UTXO and Account asset types and enabling smart contract authorship based on the UTXO model​​. Zulu DePIN is designated as Layer 3 (L3) within the Bitcoin ecosystem and will be directly deployed on Zulu EVM, interacting seamlessly with it. However, the verification of its state changes will involve both the Verify network and the Bitcoin network, in conjunction with the proof provided by Zulu EVM. The architectural diagram of Zulu DePIN is depicted below:

Zulu DePIN Architecture

Since the state transition of Zulu DePIN will be verified on Zulu EVM, there is no necessity to introduce an additional verification network on ZuluNexus. Furthermore, the interval between proof submissions on Zulu DePIN and Zulu EVM can be brief, thanks to lower average transaction costs. As illustrated in the figure above, the primary distinction between Zulu DePIN and Zulu EVM stems from the design of their Virtual Machines (VMs). Zulu DePIN is constructed on a novel VM that differs from the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This VM maintains two distinct world state trees—one for the Account type and the other for the UTXO type state. In practice, a UTXO commitment tree may also be upheld. This approach is informed by the experience of recent years, where the Account type has demonstrated greater compatibility with smart contracts, evident in the success of Ethereum. Simultaneously, the UTXO type is better suited for private transactions, given that transactions based on the UTXO type are executed locally by users and subsequently verified by network nodes. Many privacy-focused projects, including Zcash, Aleo, Aztec, Ola, etc., are implemented based on the UTXO type. Consequently, both UTXO and Account types boast distinct advantages in specific scenarios. The goal of Zulu DePIN is to combine these two types, creating a programmable platform based on mixed account types, optimized for DePIN + AI use cases. This framework enables developers to continually expand upon more innovative functionalities based on the foundation of UTXO types. # Zulu DePIN + AI Staking Stake, Power, Earn. Power DePIN + AI implementations and earn on the Bitcoin network! Zulu Network empowers users and projects to contribute directly to the decentralized infrastructure and AI ecosystem on Bitcoin through its innovative staking mechanism. By staking assets such as $BTC or $ZULU, participants can support the operation of Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and AI applications, earning rewards while contributing to the growth of a decentralized economy.

Simple System to Power DePIN: Stake, Power, Earn.

## How Zulu Staking Works Zulu simplifies participation in DePIN and AI innovations by enabling users to stake assets and power decentralized networks in just a few steps: **Connect Your Wallet:** Users connect their compatible wallets to the Zulu Network platform, allowing them to manage their assets seamlessly. **Stake Assets:** Users can stake Bitcoin (BTC), Zulu’s native token $ZULU, or other supported assets to secure DePIN protocols or AI applications. **Power DePIN and AI Networks:** The staked assets help secure and operate critical decentralized infrastructure, including computing nodes, AI protocols, and physical infrastructure components like IoT networks and decentralized energy grids. **Earn Rewards:** By staking and powering DePIN or AI networks, users earn rewards in Bitcoin or $ZULU, depending on their contribution to the network's operations. ## Advantages for Projects
For projects seeking to leverage decentralized infrastructure and AI on Bitcoin, Zulu staking offers several key advantages: **Access to Liquidity:** Projects can tap into the liquidity generated by staked assets, reducing the need for centralized funding or reliance on traditional resources. This decentralized approach allows projects to scale more quickly and efficiently. **DePIN and AI Protocol Security:** By leveraging the staking model, projects can ensure that their decentralized infrastructure is secure and maintained by a wide network of participants. This decentralized security minimizes the risks associated with centralized control and enhances the reliability of operations. **Network Growth and Scalability:** Zulu’s staking model allows projects to grow their network quickly by incentivizing users to participate and contribute resources. This boosts adoption and helps build a stronger, more resilient infrastructure ecosystem. **Sustainable Growth:** Projects benefit from a self-sustaining growth model where community contributions fuel operations, reducing overhead and operational costs, while ensuring long-term scalability. ## Advantages for Users
Users who stake assets on Zulu enjoy a variety of benefits, from financial rewards to participation in cutting-edge innovations: **Earn Bitcoin and Zulu Tokens:** Staking allows users to earn rewards in Bitcoin (BTC) and $ZULU tokens. These rewards are tied directly to their contributions to decentralized infrastructure and AI operations, offering both passive income and a stake in the growth of the network. **Simple and Accessible Participation:** Zulu’s platform is designed to make participation in DePIN and AI innovations as simple as possible. With just a few clicks, users can stake their assets and contribute to the decentralized future, without the need for advanced technical knowledge. **Empowerment Through Decentralization:** By staking on Zulu, users become active participants in securing and operating decentralized networks. This allows them to contribute to the global growth of DePIN and AI, while benefiting from the financial and technological opportunities that come with decentralization. **Support for AI and Infrastructure Innovations:** Users are not just earning rewards—they are powering the future of AI and decentralized physical networks, helping to build and maintain the infrastructure that will drive the next wave of technological advancement. ## Driving the Future of DePIN and AI **The staking model is designed to promote long-term participation and sustainable growth, rewarding users in Bitcoin for their contributions to the decentralized ecosystem.** Zulu’s staking mechanism is central to its mission of decentralizing physical infrastructure and AI on Bitcoin. Through staking, users and projects alike can contribute to the security, scalability, and sustainability of decentralized networks. This model not only offers financial incentives but also promotes widespread participation in cutting-edge innovations that will shape the future of decentralized infrastructure and AI technologies. # BitVM - Zulu Zulu is a recognized key contributor to BitVM, poised to launch the first trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge. BitVM sparked a true revolution on Bitcoin. **Notably, as the industry’s first project to simulate ZKP using Bitcoin Script, Zulu has significantly contributed to the official BitVM GitHub repository, earning high praise from BitVM’s inventor, Robin Linus.** {% embed url="" %} All details of Zulu-BitVM implementations below: {% content-ref url="/pages/b1Bhvc0uzH95s2xQ7H9y" %} [BitVM-ZKP-Verifier](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/bitvm-zkp-verifier) {% endcontent-ref %} {% content-ref url="/pages/Xp2E76Isr5plly9xyCkH" %} [Bridging From Bitcoin](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/bridging-from-bitcoin) {% endcontent-ref %} {% content-ref url="/pages/qKWXIBZk0GEvlbGaJtDX" %} [Verify on the Bitcoin Network](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/verify-on-the-bitcoin-network) {% endcontent-ref %} {% content-ref url="/pages/6Uw3JRrbWj3dQIpqghzR" %} [Zulu Trust-Minimized Bridge](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/zulu-trust-minimized-bridge) {% endcontent-ref %} ## How the BitVM Launch Changed Everything On October 9th, 2023, Bitcoin Researcher and expert in ZK technology [Robin Linus](https://twitter.com/robin_linus) released the [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) whitepaper, sparking significant discussions within the Bitcoin community. While the technical intricacies of BitVM will be introduced in later chapters, its overarching capability can be summarized as the ability to compute anything on the Bitcoin network. It is noteworthy that, prior to this revelation, several attempts had been made to construct Layer 2 solutions on Bitcoin. However, due to the inherent programmability limitations of Bitcoin itself, these endeavours, including [RGB](https://blackpaper.rgb.tech/), [Stacks](https://stx.is/nakamoto), [Rootstock](https://rootstock.io/static/a79b27d4889409602174df4710102056/RS-whitepaper.pdf), and other Bitcoin Layer 2 projects, encountered challenges in achieving successful implementations. Although the [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) whitepaper theoretically demonstrates the feasibility of a BTC L2, there are many areas to optimize, such as the bisection protocol and scripting language. Detailed insights into the specific design and developmental progress can be obtained on [Github](https://github.com/BitVM/BitVM/tree/main/docs). Regardless, [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) has empowered visionary developers by showcasing the potential for constructing **authentic Layer 2 solutions on Bitcoin**. Subsequently, numerous Bitcoin Layer 2 projects emerged, with some leveraging Bitcoin as a Finalization Layer based on BitVM, while others utilized Bitcoin as a Data Availability (DA) Layer. A common thread among these projects is the incorporation of the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) as the execution layer for their respective Layer 2 solutions. # BitVM-ZKP-Verifier The first ZKP Verify Code Implementation using Bitcoin Script, by Zulu. The Zulu Network team has Open-Sourced the first ZKP Verify Code Implementation using Bitcoin Script! It involves mainstream algorithms such as Groth16/FFlonk, and we have submitted the code to the BitVM repository. Here are the links to our code: * fflonk script * ​​ ​ * Groth16's script * ​​ * ​​ ## **Importance of Snark Verifier Script** Robin Linus, founder of BitVM, shared that the Snark Verifier script on Bitcoin is very important in BitVM2 ([https://bitvm.org/bitvm2](https://t.co/AnbVtpuxUW)).
He has also recently praised the efforts in development by the Zulu Network team: ## Technical Implementation {% hint style="success" %} What is the size of the verifier for Groth16/Fflonk? {% endhint %} > 1\. Fflonk Verifier: > > Curve: BN254 > > Public input number: 2 > > Script size: 7456022084 bytes > > Max stack items number: 905 > 2\. Groth16 Verifier: > > Curve: BN254 > > Public input number: 1 > > Script size: 7034158970 bytes > > Max stack items number: 1112 (Can be optimized) Based on the current script size, we only need to split the entire ZKP script into fewer than 2,000 sub-scripts, which is remarkable. We are deeply grateful to all the contributors to the BitVM repository, including[@robin\_linus](https://x.com/robin_linus),[@weikengchen](https://x.com/weikengchen), and others. We also extend our thanks to Andrija Novakov from [@\_\_geometry\_\_](https://x.com/__geometry__)for their latest paper, "On Proving Pairings," [https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/640.pdf](https://t.co/RZKn2jlgti) which significantly reduces the overall script size. This achievement lays the foundation for constructing a decentralized bridge based on BitVM2. Zulu's next goal is to launch a trust-minimized Bitcoin bridge utilizing cross-chain technology and BitVM2. The snark verifier in the script on Bitcoin is a huge milestone for future Bitcoin developments, as BitVM creator[@robin\_linus](https://x.com/robin_linus) shared at ZK Proof 6 in Berlin. > Let's move Bitcoin forward! # Bridging From Bitcoin How to transfer assets between Bitcoin and Zulu: Pegging Mechanism and Atomic Swaps. As a ZK Bitcoin solution, the Zulu system must facilitate the seamless transfer of assets between Bitcoin and Zulu. Presently, all well-conceived cross-chain bridge designs incorporate the BitVM framework, exemplified by Robin's BitVM Bridge and ZK Base's ZKByte design. Zulu's cross-chain bridge for Bitcoin will be implemented utilizing the BitVM bridge, ensuring a trust-minimized security level. The BitVM bridge can maintain a 1:1 ratio between the value of zBTC published on Zulu and the value of BTC locked on Bitcoin through a 2-way PEG mechanism. However, a challenge arises when crossing zBTC based on the BitVM bridge—its value remains fixed, equivalent to the value of BTC locked previously. Ordinarily, due to certain transaction behaviors, assets crossed back by regular users may not have a fixed value. To address this scenario, the system supports ordinary users in transferring assets between Bitcoin and Zulu through the mechanism of Atomic swaps. ZBTC crossed via the BitVM bridge can function as a liquidity provider for Atomic swaps in such situations. * More Detail [Peg IN/OUT Overview](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/bridging-from-bitcoin/peg-in-out-process) [Atomic Swaps Overview](/core-concepts/bitvm-zulu/bridging-from-bitcoin/atomic-swaps) # Peg IN/OUT Process Trust-minimized mechanism to move assets between the Bitcoin Network and the Zulu Network. ## Moving Assets in and out of Zulu Network Pegging assets in and out of Zulu Network involves locking a specific amount of BTC assets on the Bitcoin network and subsequently issuing wrapped BTC and zBTC on the Zulu platform. [TLDR here.](#peg-in-out-tldr) This process is subject to several requirements: 1. Locked BTC assets must remain non-transferable. There are centralization risks associated with both single and multiple signing methods. 2. Zulu must incorporate a Bitcoin SPV Client to verify the confirmation of specific transactions on the Bitcoin network. 3. Zulu's SPV Client must recognize the existence of Bitcoin and verify the occurrence of specific transactions on the Zulu platform. This functionality will be implemented based on BitVM. The complete process of Pegging IN/OUT is visually illustrated below:

Fig 4. Peg IN/OUT Process

## Zulu Peg IN/OUT Process in Detail 1. Alice initiates a Peg-In process with 100 BTC while simultaneously endorsing an n-n transaction, utilizing the Mulsig2 signature algorithm, where n represents the number of challengers in the network. 2. The signed transaction outlines the inputs and outputs, ensuring that the Peg-In output UTXO can no longer be spent in any other form. 3. At this point, Alice receives 100 zBTC on Zulu as a result of the Peg-In. 4. When Alice decides to Peg-Out, she initializes a Burn transaction on Zulu. 5. Validate the legitimacy of the Burn transaction on BitVM. During this phase, the Operator transfers 100 BTC from their account to Alice. The Operator can be any one of the n participants. 6. Upon completion of the transfer, the Operator initiates a kick-off transaction, signifying the conclusion of the proxy expenditure. At this point, the Operator aims to trigger the PEG-OUT transaction, facilitating the transfer of their Peg-In BTC to Alice. 7. This request undergoes a challenge period of 6 months. If any verifier detects any irregularities in the Operator's actions, they can consume the connector output. This action prevents the Operator from initiating the PEG-OUT transaction the regular way. ## Peg IN/OUT TLDR The Peg IN/OUT process on Zulu allows locking a specific amount of BTC on the Bitcoin network and issuing equivalent zBTC on Zulu, involving a trust-minimized mechanism with BitVM technology for secure asset transfer between Bitcoin and Zulu​​. # Atomic Swaps Atomic Swaps allow users to transfer BTC assets to liquidity providers in exchange for zBTC, enabling transactions of varying asset values. ## When Peg IN/OUT is not Enough As mentioned earlier, PEG IN/OUT operations are constrained to assets of the same value. However, there are instances where users may wish to engage in transactions involving more or fewer assets, making PEG IN/OUT unsuitable for such scenarios. [TLDR here.](#atomic-swaps-tldr) Atomic swaps offer a solution to this problem. The fundamental concept involves users transferring BTC assets to liquidity providers, who, in turn, transfer an equivalent value of zBTC to users on Zulu. There are several requirements: 1. Ensure the atomicity of transactions, guaranteeing that transactions either succeed or fail simultaneously. 2. Implement an SPV Client to provide proof of transaction occurrence. 3. Establish an Incentive Mechanism and penalty mechanism to safeguard the earnings of liquidity providers and deter any potential misconduct. The flowchart illustrating the entire Atomic Swap process is depicted below:

Fig 5. Atomic Swap Process

## Zulu Atomic Swap Process in Detail 1. Alice acquired zBTC on Zulu through PEG IN/OUT and subsequently staked 100 BTC on Bitcoin, transitioning Alice's role into being a liquidity provider. 2. Regular users aiming to switch between Bitcoin and Zulu or vice versa are required to furnish an SPV proof, validating that the trading user has transferred the corresponding assets to Alice. 3. Alice reviews and verifies the transaction, proceeding to transfer the assets from her account to the user. 4. When Alice decides to withdraw as a liquidity provider, she must substantiate her honesty, demonstrating that she has not engaged in any malicious activities. Subsequently, she attempts to trigger the PEG OUT transaction to reclaim the pledged BTC. 5. The PEG OUT transaction is subject to a specific challenge time window. If a verifier identifies any malicious behavior by the Operator, they can consume the connector output, preventing Alice from retrieving the pledged assets. 6. In the role of a liquidity provider, Zulu will offer incentives in the form of native tokens. ## Atomic Swaps TLDR Atomic Swaps in Zulu allow users to transfer BTC assets to liquidity providers, who then transfer an equivalent value of zBTC to users on Zulu, enabling transactions of varying asset values between the Bitcoin Network and Zulu Network​​. # Verify on the Bitcoin Network Using BitVM to verify certain state proofs on Zulu. ## Zulu Use of BitVM to Verify on the Bitcoin Network Regardless of the bridge or L2 design, the use of BitVM is imperative for verifying certain state proofs. > BitVM, essential for verifying state proofs on Bitcoin, acts as a Turing-complete virtual machine, enabling the composition of various program logics and ensuring the verification of Zulu’s state transitions directly on the Bitcoin Network​​. Consequently, the crux of the verification process on Bitcoin lies in the BitVM design. BitVM is envisioned as a Turing-complete virtual machine equipped with its own collection of opcodes, facilitating the composition of various program logics. In crafting the Instruction Set Architecture, the design adheres to the following key characteristics: 1. **Support for Turing completeness:** This necessitates the ability to handle arbitrary computations. 2. **Simplified Instruction Set Architecture:** Custom BitVM opcodes must be implemented using the opcodes currently supported by Bitcoin. In the design of BitVM, Zulu will uphold these principles, drawing inspiration from similar designs found in projects like [Starkware](https://twitter.com/StarkWareLtd)'s [Cairo VM](https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1063) and Ola's [OlaVM](https://github.com/Sin7Y/olavm). The Zulu team aims to build upon these foundations. The introduction of the Bisection mechanism allows both provers and challengers to contest the execution trajectory based on BitVM's Instruction Set Architecture. It involves identifying disputed opcodes and subsequently verifying the corresponding input, output, and current instructions on Bitcoin. Concerning the challenge mechanism's design, following a concept similar to Robin's, Zulu will challenge all modules of BitVM. The figure below illustrates this design concept from Robin's framework ().

Fig 6. BitVM Graph

As depicted in the illustration: 1. Paul and Vicky jointly undertake the challenge of a program. In Zulu, this challenging program involves ZKP verification, utilizing the STARK algorithm for the ZKP algorithm. 2. Both Paul and Vicky individually execute this program within the BitVM environment, meticulously recording a sequence of changes in the BitVM root. 3. Commencing from the initial root, with each execution, a new root is derived until all instructions are executed. 4. Given Vicky's identification of Paul's misconduct, there is a high likelihood that the root values obtained by Paul and Vicky will differ. 5. Through a continuous binary search approach, the goal is to persistently identify the instruction corresponding to the differing roots. 6. Since BitVM instructions encompass extensive information, including the instruction type, operands, and contextual information both upstream and downstream, it is imperative to challenge each of these aspects separately. # Zulu Trust-Minimized Bridge We are excited to share our development of the Zulu Bridge. A trust-minimized decentralized peg in / peg out bridge implementation of BitVM. This is a very important milestone for Zulu Network. Here are all the details of our BitVM-Zulu implementation, with an overview of the technology and more in-depth diagrams and technical details. > We are very excited to share our design concept of a Trust-minimized decentralized bridge based on BitVM! ## Issuing BTC on ZULU A two-way peg solution for liquidity providers.
Similar to how WBTC is issued on Ethereum, we aim to issue BTC on Zulu. However, since WBTC is centralized, Zulu is developing a trust-minimized method to issue BTC on its platform. This is aimed at liquidity providers that peg larger amounts of BTC to cater for atomic swaps for regular users. ## BitVM-based bridge for general users
A two-way peg bridge is not suitable for general users due to it only supporting fixed amounts and generally more suitable for larger amounts of Bitcoin. However, we can improve this by developing a trust-minimized method (though not entirely trustless, as Bitcoin cannot verify ZKPs directly). There are two key reasons why our approach is secure: 1. We leverage Bitcoin’s economic security through Babylon. 2. We benefit from Bitcoin’s network security by supporting the BitVM2 design. Anyone can challenge the PoS network and report any equivocation on the Bitcoin network if malicious activity occurs. ## What is the current status of it? What are the next key milestones and estimated timing? BitVM2 plays a crucial role. We have successfully implemented support for Groth16 on Bitcoin using the Bitcoin scripting language to execute the Groth16 verification process. Groth16 is a commonly used SNARK algorithm in the ZK industry and it’s used by many prominient teams. Zulu is the only team that has achieved this so far to our knowledge. Additionally, the Zulu team has contributed core code to the BitVM repository. With ZKPs now verified on Bitcoin, there is still more work to be done. Our next milestone is to build a trust-minimized bridge for general users. ## What is currently in the demo? What are we seeing? What’s the format? Is it a video? Is it code repository? For now, you can now check our progress by reviewing our public repository and see our contributions to the industry in the open-sourced BitVM repository. 1\. Fflonk verifier script code: 2\. Groth16 verifier script code: 3\. Groth16 verifier rust code: ## In short- why are we able to do it when other teams haven’t been able to yet? Many teams claim they are building their bridge based on Bitcoin, but some still have misconceptions about it.\ We’ve seen some teams looking at BitVM as the holy grail solving all problems, but in reality, it is far from perfect, BitVM is very challenging to develop; it requires in-depth knowledge of both the Bitcoin network and Zero Knowledge concepts and algorithms and the core BitVM design itself does not provide a good solution or experience for regular users. Hence, providing a trust minimized bridge utilizing BitVM for larger sums of BTC provided by liquidity providers together with an atomic swap design secured by Bitcoins utilizing Babylon gives us the best of both worlds, trust minimized bridging of BTC and good user experience. Ultimately, talking the talk is easy but walking the walk is not. We ask everyone to please check our code. ## References 1\. 2\. 3\. 4\. # Open Liquidity Aggregator Zulu's Open Liquidity System offers a way to bring other assets and liquidity from different sources (like BTC L2s) to Zulu Network. Details subject to change, work in progress. ## Open Liquidity to Power Bitcoin Innovation
Taking liquidity from different sources like Bitcoin Layer 2s and re-staking services, and adding Zulu's own liquidity through the EVM Liquidity Layer, all supporting Bitcoin innovation. ## Atracting Liquidity From Different Sources
Attracting liquidity from different sources to maximize the native yield potential of the Bitcoin Network. Zulu acts as a liquidity hub attracting different assets from the BTC ecosystem and beyond. Zulu's Open Liquidity Aggregator leads to:
{% hint style="info" %} Stay tuned for more information about the Open Liquidity Layer technical implementation coming soon. {% endhint %} # Layer 2 Solutions Let's dive into what layer 2 solutions are and their importance in enhancing the Bitcoin network's scalability. Layer 2 solutions for blockchain are secondary frameworks built on top of existing blockchains (layer 1) to enhance their scalability, efficiency, and transaction throughput. By processing transactions off the main chain, these solutions reduce the load on the primary network, allowing for faster and cheaper transactions. Examples of layer 2 technologies include Lightning Network and sidechains, which facilitate microtransactions, enable quicker confirmation times, and enhance user experience without compromising the security and decentralized nature of the underlying blockchain. By allowing for these off-chain transactions, layer 2 solutions play a crucial role in addressing the limitations of transaction speed and cost that often accompany heightened demand on popular networks like Bitcoin.
The need for layer 2 solutions for Bitcoin arises from its intrinsic scalability challenges. As the Bitcoin network has grown in popularity, it has faced congestion issues, leading to increased transaction fees and longer confirmation times. Layer 2 solutions help mitigate these issues by enabling a larger volume of transactions to be processed efficiently off-chain while still securing the finality of those transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain. This not only encourages the adoption of Bitcoin for everyday transactions by making it more user-friendly but also preserves its core principles of decentralization and security. Thus, layer 2 solutions are essential for ensuring Bitcoin’s viability as a global currency in an increasingly digital economy. **- Benefits:** advantages like faster transactions, reduced fees, and increased throughput. # Building on Bitcoin Bitcoin's widespread adoption has led to significant recognition among users and businesses, paving the way for other digital currencies while maintaining its leading position. ## Building on Bitcoin: Revolutionary Model as a Foundation First and foremost, Bitcoin offers unparalleled security through its proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This mechanism requires participants, known as miners, to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. The computational power required for this process makes it extremely difficult for malicious actors to alter transaction data or execute attacks on the network. The immense energy consumption associated with Bitcoin mining serves as a deterrent against potential attacks, ensuring the integrity of the network. This high level of security is crucial when managing valuable physical assets within a decentralized network, as it protects against fraud and unauthorized access. Following from Bitcoin's consensus mechanism, the inherent trustless nature of Bitcoin, which does not rely on centralized authorities or intermediaries, fosters greater collaboration among participants in a DePIN ecosystem. By eliminating the need for trusted third parties, DePIN projects can create more efficient and transparent systems that align incentives among all stakeholders. This trust minimization enables more equitable distribution of resources and profits while reducing the risk of censorship or manipulation by any single entity. Another critical factor is Bitcoin's stability. With over a decade of operation and a proven track record, Bitcoin has established itself as a stable foundation for building new applications that rely on tokenized assets and decentralized governance. Unlike many altcoins that experience high volatility and have a more centralized set of validators, Bitcoin's market presence and pervasiveness provides a sense of reliability for investors and developers alike. This stability is particularly important for DePIN projects that require consistent valuation and predictable economic models. Bitcoin's robust security features provided by its proof-of-work consensus mechanism ensure the integrity of transactions within DePIN networks. The significant network effects associated with Bitcoin enhance its utility as a medium of exchange while providing a stable foundation for new applications. Furthermore, widespread adoption among users and businesses facilitates easier integration into existing ecosystems. These attributes collectively position Bitcoin as an ideal platform for implementing DePIN solutions that can revolutionize how physical infrastructure is managed in a decentralized manner.
## Foster Growth and Adoption for The Bitcoin Community and Ecosystem In addition to its security features, Bitcoin benefits from significant network effects that enhance its utility as a medium of exchange and store of value within DePIN applications. As the most widely recognized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin has garnered a large user base and extensive merchant adoption. This widespread acceptance means that projects built on Bitcoin can leverage an existing ecosystem of users and businesses, facilitating easier integration and adoption. For instance, companies like BitPay allow merchants to accept Bitcoin payments, further solidifying its role in the economy and making it an attractive option for DePIN initiatives focused on financial transactions. Moreover, Bitcoin's widespread adoption has led to significant recognition among users and businesses. As the first cryptocurrency, it has paved the way for other digital currencies while maintaining its position as the leader in market capitalization. This status makes it easier for DePIN projects built on Bitcoin to gain traction in the market. For example, various Layer 2 solutions like the Lightning Network and Zulu Network are being developed to enhance transaction speeds and reduce costs, further increasing Bitcoin's usability in decentralized applications. Additionally, Bitcoin's community-driven governance model, while not as formal as some other blockchain projects, can still empower users within the DePIN ecosystem to participate in decision-making processes. The Bitcoin Improvement Proposal (BIP) process allows anyone to propose changes to the Bitcoin protocol, which are then discussed and debated by the community. While not all BIPs are accepted, this open and transparent process ensures that the interests of various stakeholders, including DePIN projects, are considered. Additionally, the decentralized nature of Bitcoin's governance means that no single entity can unilaterally make decisions that could negatively impact DePIN applications built on top of the network. The extensive ecosystem surrounding Bitcoin includes a wide range of tools and services that facilitate the development and deployment of DePIN projects. Wallets like Blockstream Green and Casa provide secure storage and management of Bitcoin and other digital assets, while exchanges like Coinbase and Kraken offer fiat on-ramps and liquidity for DePIN projects. Developer tools such as the Bitcoin Core client, SPV libraries, and APIs enable engineers to build applications on top of the Bitcoin network. Additionally, the vibrant Bitcoin community, with its active developers, researchers, and enthusiasts, provides valuable support and resources for DePIN projects looking to integrate with the Bitcoin ecosystem. ## Bitcoin Innovation: Layer 2's and DePIN By leveraging Bitcoin's infrastructure for tokenization, DePIN projects can create digital representations of physical assets that can be easily traded or utilized within their ecosystems. Starting with the Colored Coins protocol and Counterparty, users are able to create custom tokens on top of the Bitcoin blockchain, representing real-world assets such as real estate, commodities, or even loyalty points. These tokens can then be traded on decentralized exchanges or used as collateral in DeFi applications. Since then, the ability to mint and transact in tokens natively on the Bitcoin network has improved drastically, with the Ordinals Protocol, BRC20's, Stamps, Atomicals, Runes, and more. The use of Bitcoin's existing infrastructure for tokenization reduces development costs and ensures compatibility with the broader Bitcoin ecosystem. Bitcoin's Layer 2 solutions can play a crucial role in enabling DePIN by enhancing transaction speeds and reducing costs. The Lightning Network utilizes payment channels to facilitate near-instant, low-cost transactions, making it feasible for DePIN applications that require real-time interactions, such as decentralized energy trading or transportation services. By moving transactions off the main Bitcoin blockchain and settling them later, the Lightning Network can process a high volume of transactions without burdening the underlying network. This scalability is essential for DePIN applications that involve frequent, small-value transactions, such as peer-to-peer energy trading or ride-sharing services. Bitcoin's growing ecosystem of Layer 2 solutions enables interoperability with other blockchain networks, allowing for seamless integration of various DePIN applications across different platforms. For example, the Zulu Network is a Bitcoin L2 that enables fast, low-cost transactions, smart-contracts and programmability, and the issuance of digital assets in both EVM and BRC20 standards. By integrating with Zulu, DePIN projects can benefit from its enhanced features and the ability to create custom tokens tailored to their specific use cases. # ZKEVM: EVM on Bitcoin Zulu wants to move Bitcoin forward, contributing meaningfully to the Bitcoin ecosystem, the Zero Knowledge field, and Blockchain technology. ### Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) on Bitcoin The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) offers many advantages when used as secondary execution layer for Bitcoin. It implies that assets on the Bitcoin Network can be employed for applications akin to those within the Ethereum ecosystem. Furthermore, Ethereum's technology stack has undergone extensive testing, ensuring high stability and security. In the context of assets, security stands out as a crucial attribute. However, the narrative logic of this approach has limitations, as users have the option to directly transfer assets from Bitcoin to the Ethereum ecosystem to engage with various applications. Presently, a ZK cross-chain bridge facilitates the connection between the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks. While [BitVM](https://bitvm.org/bitvm.pdf) has expanded the narratives around the Bitcoin ecosystem, it's important to note that the blockchain industry demands innovation, and not mere replication. **Transplanting the EVM to the second layer of Bitcoin may not be enough to open up the Bitcoin Network**, as it is deterministic and has already been demonstrated on Ethereum. The emergence of the Ordinal protocol signals a trend of actively seeking innovation on Bitcoin. ## Zulu Moving Bitcoin Development Forward As a ZK Bitcoin solution, Zulu needs to facilitate the swift integration of new assets and more mature DeFi applications into the Bitcoin Network, through the EVM Liquidity Layer. Simultaneously, we must create a platform that fosters developer innovation, preserving the UTXO model of Bitcoin and expanding its capabilities to write smart contracts. This expansion should be compatible with the Account type (addresses used on Ethereum), through the UTXO Innovation Layer. Both UTXO (used on BTC) and Account (used on ETH) models have distinct advantages and disadvantages. Combining these two types opens significant innovation possibilities for developers. ### Combining the Best of Both Worlds Taking the Ordinals protocol as an illustration, Indexer rules can be directly articulated in smart contract language, resulting in open and transparent regulations. Initiatives like the [Aleo](https://twitter.com/AleoHQ) project (public chain), the [Aztec](https://twitter.com/aztecnetwork) project (Ethereum L2), [Ola](https://twitter.com/ola_zkzkvm) (Ethereum L2), and [Zulu ](https://twitter.com/zulu_network)(Bitcoin L2) represent endeavors to blend UTXO and Account types, creating a hybrid asset platform. These innovations will introduce novel use cases in the industry, combining Bitcoin’s battle-tested accounts with more user-friendly Ethereum-inspired accounts. # Data Availability The Zulu Network uses a modular design for Data Availability using networks specifically dedicated to DA, such as Avail. ## Zulu Data Availability Strategy As an L2 network, Zulu must provide users with the means to securely retrieve their assets from L1 by validating their assets through historical transactions, even in instances where L2 services are inaccessible. This precautionary measure is in place to prevent the locking of users' assets in L2 during periods when L2 services are unavailable. The optimal solution involves storing all transactions on the Layer1 verification network. However, drawing from the developmental history of Ethereum, we learn that while placing transaction data on the Layer1 network achieves the highest level of security, an excess of transaction data can overwhelm the network. Consequently, Ethereum itself addressed this Data Availability (DA) issue through the upgrade of [EIP4844](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4844). In the context of the Bitcoin network, storing all transactions directly on Bitcoin is not considered an ideal approach. Zulu's strategy involves placing actual transaction data on networks specifically dedicated to DA, such as [Avail](). Zulu follows a modular design, a technical direction widely embraced in the blockchain industry that plays a crucial role in enhancing the operational efficiency of the system.

Zulu Modular Design

# Modularity ## Modularity Concept In the broader blockchain space, modularity has emerged as a crucial paradigm for building and evolving blockchain technologies. It offers a way to design blockchain systems in a manner that components, such as consensus mechanisms, data storage, and application layers, can be developed, improved, and replaced independently.

Image retrieved from https://celestia.org/learn/basics-of-modular-blockchains/modular-and-monolithic-blockchains/

This not only accelerates the pace of innovation by allowing teams to focus on specific areas without overhauling entire systems but also enhances the adaptability and interoperability of blockchain networks. The modular approach aligns with the industry's move towards more scalable, efficient, and customizable solutions, catering to diverse use cases and requirements. As blockchain technology continues to mature, modularity will likely play an instrumental role in its evolution, enabling the creation of more robust, flexible, and user-centric blockchain ecosystems. ## Zulu Network Modularity The Zulu Network's adoption of a modular design represents a significant stride toward enhancing the efficiency and flexibility of blockchain systems. This approach allows for the segmentation of blockchain functionalities into distinct, interchangeable components, enabling easier updates, scalability, and integration with other systems. For Zulu, this modular framework is pivotal in fostering innovation within the Bitcoin industry by allowing existing Bitcoin assets to interact with advanced DeFi applications and financial services without compromising the original security, reliability, and capabilities of the Bitcoin Network. By not favoring any specific technical direction and instead integrating various approaches, Zulu aims to create a fertile ground for continuous innovation, supporting developers in exploring new applications and protocols that contribute to the Bitcoin ecosystem's growth​​. One key example of the Zulu Network modular design is the use of other network solutions for its data availability. In the context of the Bitcoin network, storing all transactions directly on Bitcoin is not considered an ideal approach. Zulu's strategy involves placing actual transaction data on networks specifically dedicated to DA, such as [Avail](). [Learn more about Zulu's Data Availability Strategy here. ](/tech-approach/data-availability) Zulu follows a modular design, a technical direction widely embraced in the blockchain industry that plays a crucial role in enhancing the operational efficiency of the system.

Zulu Modular Design

# Network Info This is the Mainnet info for Zulu EVM Layer. Use this information to add the network to your wallet or to deploy a dApp! ### Zulu Mainnet | | | | --------------- | -------------------------------- | | Network Name | Zulu Mainnet | | Network URL | | | RPC URL | | | Chain ID | 20240111 | | Currency Symbol | ZULU | | Explorer URL | | | Bridge URL | | | Token Lists | | ### Sipho Testnet | | | | --------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Network Name | ZuluPrime Sipho Testnet | | Network URL | | | RPC URL | | | Web-Socket URL | [https://ws-testnet.zulunetwork.io](https://rpc-testnet.zulunetwork.io) | | Chain ID | 20240110 | | Currency Symbol | BTC | | Explorer URL | | | Bridge URL | | | Token Lists | | > NOTE: > > Testnet-Alpha and Testnet-Beta's history can be found on > > # Bridge Use the Zulu Bridge between Bitcoin and Zulu Mainnet! **Link:** [**https://bridge.zulunetwork.io/**](https://bridge.zulunetwork.io/) Link to the Testnet Bridge Guide: {% embed url="" %} # Deploy Your Dapp Work In Progress More information coming in the future. Please see Quick Start and API Reference sections below. # Quick Start This guide shows you how to deploy and interact with a smart contract on ZuluPrime Testnet in less than 5 minutes. So > ZuluPrime is leveraging power of [ZKStack](https://zkstack.io/) , which leverages the underlying technology of zkSync. **Building on ZuluPrime shares the same process of building on zkSync. You guys can easily migrate all all develop stack from zksync-era to ZuluPrime.** We recommend you to refer to the [documentation of zkSync](https://docs.zksync.io/build/) for more detailed information: TL This is what we're going to do: * Fund your wallet with Testnet ZULU in [discord](https://discord.gg/ZVaQPjhxTG) . * Use [zksync-cli](https://docs.zksync.io/build/tooling/zksync-cli/getting-started.html) to scaffold a new project. * Build a smart contract that stores a greeting message and deploy it to ZuluPrime testnet. * Run a script to retrieve and update the greeting message using [zksync-ethers](https://docs.zksync.io/build/sdks/js/getting-started.html). ### Prerequisites * Make sure your machine satisfies the [system requirements](https://github.com/matter-labs/era-compiler-solidity/tree/main#system-requirements). * Download and install [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download). * Use the `yarn` or `npm` package manager. We recommend using `yarn`. To install `yarn`, follow the [Yarn installation guide](https://yarnpkg.com/getting-started/install). * Learn how to [get your private key from your Metamask wallet](https://support.metamask.io/hc/en-us/articles/360015289632-How-to-export-an-account-s-private-key) as we'll use it to deploy a contract. ### Create the project Run the following command in your terminal to create a new project using zkSync CLI. ``` npx zksync-cli create hello-zksync ``` It will give you options for different types of projects but for this tutorial choose the the following: ``` ? What type of project do you want to create? Contracts ? Template: Hardhat + Solidity ? Private key of the wallet responsible for deploying contracts (optional) *************************************************** ? Package manager: yarn ``` #### Project Structure The project structure is pretty straight forward: * `hardhat.config.ts` contains the general configuration for Hardhat and the zkSync plugins, which are already imported and setup. * `/contracts` contains smart contracts. `zksync-cli` provides common examples like an ERC20, an NFT, and the Greeter contract that we'll use later on. * `/deploy` contains the deployment scripts. For this tutorial we'll focus on the `/contracts/Greeter.sol` contract: ``` //SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicense pragma solidity ^0.8.0; contract Greeter { string private greeting; constructor(string memory _greeting) { greeting = _greeting; } function greet() public view returns (string memory) { return greeting; } function setGreeting(string memory _greeting) public { greeting = _greeting; } } ``` As you can see, it a simple Solidity contract with two methods to read a message, `greet()`, and modify it, `setGreeting()`. On more thing needs to mention is `hardhat.config.js`. As ZuluPrime is a Bitcoin Layer2, so the network in config will be little different. A demo as below: ``` import { HardhatUserConfig } from "hardhat/config"; import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync-node"; import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync-deploy"; import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync-solc"; import "@matterlabs/hardhat-zksync-verify"; const config: HardhatUserConfig = { // defaultNetwork: "dockerizedNode", defaultNetwork: "ZuluTestnet", networks: { ZuluTestnet: { url: "https://rpc-testnet.zulunetwork.io", ethNetwork: "", // NOTE: As ZULU is a bitcoin Layer2, so this param should be empty. zksync: true, }, hardhat: { zksync: true, }, }, zksolc: { version: "latest", settings: { // find all available options in the official documentation // https://era.zksync.io/docs/tools/hardhat/hardhat-zksync-solc.html#configuration }, }, solidity: { version: "0.8.20", }, }; export default config; ``` #### Compile the contract Smart contracts deployed to ZuluPrime must be compiled using our custom compilers: * `zksolc` for Solidity contracts. * `zkvyper` for Vyper contracts. As this is a Solidity project, it already has the `hardhat-zksync-solc` plugin installed and configured so there's nothing you need to setup. To compile the contracts in the project, run the following command: ```bash yarn compile # or npm run compile ``` You'll get the following output: ``` Compiling contracts for zkSync Era with zksolc v1.3.21 and solc v0.8.17 Compiling 46 Solidity files Successfully compiled 46 Solidity files ✨ Done in 21.55s. ``` The compiled artifacts will be located in the `/artifacts-zk` folder. These artifacts are similar to the ones generated by the Solidity compiler. For example, the ABI of the Greeter contract will be located in `/artifacts-zk/contracts/Greeter.sol/Greeter.json`. The configuration for the `zksolc` compiler is located in the `zksolc` section of the `hardhat.config.ts` file. You can find more info about the compiler settings in the [hardhat-zksync-solc plugin](https://docs.zksync.io/build/tooling/hardhat/hardhat-zksync-solc.html) and the [compiler section](https://docs.zksync.io/zk-stack/components/compiler/specification/overview.html) of the ZK Stack documentation. ### Deploy and verify The project also contains a script to deploy and verify the contract in `/deploy/deploy.ts`. Under the hood, this script uses `hardhat-zksync-deploy` and `hardhat-zksync-verify` for deployment and contract verification. ``` import { deployContract } from "./utils"; // An example of a basic deploy script // It will deploy a Greeter contract to selected network // as well as verify it on Block Explorer if possible for the network export default async function () { const contractArtifactName = "Greeter"; const constructorArguments = ["Hi there!"]; await deployContract(contractArtifactName, constructorArguments); } ``` To execute it, just run: ``` yarn deploy # or npm run deploy ``` You'll get the following output: ``` Starting deployment process of "Greeter"... Estimated deployment cost: 0.0000648863 ETH "Greeter" was successfully deployed: - Contract address: 0x0BaF96A7f137B05d0D35b76d59B16c86C1791D8D - Contract source: contracts/Greeter.sol:Greeter - Encoded constructor arguments: 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000094869207468657265210000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 Requesting contract verification... Your verification ID is: 1781 ``` Congratulations! You just deployed a smart contract to ZuluPrime testnet. You can find it in the [ZuluPrime Explorer ](https://testnet.zuluscan.io/)by searching the contract address. In addition, the deployment script verified the contract automatically so you can see the source code in the contract tab of the block explorer. ### Interact with the contract The project also comes with a script to interact with the contract in `/deploy/interact.ts`. Add the address of the Greeter contract you just deployed in the `CONTRACT_ADDRESS` variable inside the `/deploy/interact.ts` file: ``` import * as hre from "hardhat"; import { getWallet } from "./utils"; import { ethers } from "ethers"; // Address of the contract to interact with const CONTRACT_ADDRESS = ""; if (!CONTRACT_ADDRESS) throw "⛔️ Provide address of the contract to interact with!"; // An example of a script to interact with the contract export default async function () { console.log(`Running script to interact with contract ${CONTRACT_ADDRESS}`); // Load compiled contract info const contractArtifact = await hre.artifacts.readArtifact("Greeter"); // Initialize contract instance for interaction const contract = new ethers.Contract( CONTRACT_ADDRESS, contractArtifact.abi, getWallet() // Interact with the contract on behalf of this wallet ); // Run contract read function const response = await contract.greet(); console.log(`Current message is: ${response}`); // Run contract write function const transaction = await contract.setGreeting("Hello people!"); console.log(`Transaction hash of setting new message: ${transaction.hash}`); // Wait until transaction is processed await transaction.wait(); // Read message after transaction console.log(`The message now is: ${await contract.greet()}`); } ``` As you can see, we're simply using `ethers` to interact with our contract. zkSync is EVM compatible so you can use existing tools and libraries like `Hardhat`, `ethers`, `web3.js`, and users can use their existing wallets like Metamask, Rabby or Zerion. To execute the `/deploy/interact.ts` script, run: ``` yarn interact # or npm run interact ``` You'll get the following output: ``` Running script to interact with contract 0x0BaF96A7f137B05d0D35b76d59B16c86C1791D8D Current message is: Hi there! Transaction hash of setting new message: 0x7a534857cfcd6df7e3eaf40a79a2c88f2e36bb60ce6f2399345e5431362b04eb The message now is: Hello people! ✨ Done in 4.13s. ``` Congratulations! You've retrieved and updated the message on the `Greeter` contract. You can see the transaction in the [block explorer](https://testnet.zuluscan.io/】) by searching the transaction hash. ### Reference * * # API Reference ### Overview The API exposed by the EN is designed to be Web3-compliant. Any deviation from the Ethereum behavior is likely unintended, and we encourage users to report such discrepancies. ### \`eth\_\` Namespace Data getters in this namespace operate in the L2 domain. They deal with L2 block numbers, check balances in L2, and more.
MethodNotes
eth_blockNumber
eth_chainId
eth_call
eth_estimateGas
eth_gasPrice
eth_newFilterMaximum amount of installed filters is configurable
eth_newBlockFilterSame as above
eth_newPendingTransactionsFilterSame as above
eth_uninstallFilter
eth_getLogsMaximum amount of returned entities can be configured
eth_getFilterLogsSame as above
eth_getFilterChangesSame as above
eth_getBalance
eth_getBlockByNumber
eth_getBlockByHash
eth_getBlockTransactionCountByNumber
eth_getBlockTransactionCountByHash
eth_getCode
eth_getStorageAt
eth_getTransactionCount
eth_getTransactionByHash
eth_getTransactionByBlockHashAndIndex
eth_getTransactionByBlockNumberAndIndex
eth_getTransactionReceipt
eth_protocolVersion
eth_sendRawTransaction
eth_syncingEN is considered synced if it's less than 11 blocks behind the main node.
eth_coinbaseAlways returns a zero address
eth_accountsAlways returns an empty list
eth_getCompilersAlways returns an empty list
eth_hashrateAlways returns zero
eth_getUncleCountByBlockHashAlways returns zero
eth_getUncleCountByBlockNumberAlways returns zero
eth_miningAlways returns false
### **PubSub** This is exclusively available on the WebSocket servers. | Method | Notes | | ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------- | | `eth_subscribe` | Maximum amount of subscriptions is configurable | | `eth_subscription` | | ### `net_` Namespace | Method | Notes | | ---------------- | -------------------- | | `net_version` | | | `net_peer_count` | Always returns 0 | | `net_listening` | Always returns false | ### `web3_` Namespace | Method | Notes | | -------------------- | ----- | | `web3_clientVersion` | | ### `debug_` Namespace\*\* This namespace provides a set of non-standard RPC methods for developers to inspect and debug calls and transactions. By default, this namespace is disabled but can be activated using the `EN_API_NAMESPACES` setting. Please refer to the configuration section for more details.; | Method | Notes | | -------------------------- | ----- | | `debug_traceBlockByNumber` | | | `debug_traceBlockByHash` | | | `debug_traceCall` | | | `debug_traceTransaction` | | ### `zks_` Namespace This namespace holds rollup-specific extensions to the Web3 API. Only the methods documented are deemed public. Other methods in this namespace, though exposed, are not stable and may change without notice. | Method | Notes | | ----------------------------- | ----- | | `zks_estimateFee` | | | `zks_estimateGasL1ToL2` | | | `zks_getAllAccountBalances` | | | `zks_getBlockDetails` | | | `zks_getBridgeContracts` | | | `zks_getBytecodeByHash` | | | `zks_getConfirmedTokens` | | | `zks_getL1BatchBlockRange` | | | `zks_getL1BatchDetails` | | | `zks_getL2ToL1LogProof` | | | `zks_getL2ToL1MsgProof` | | | `zks_getMainContract` | | | `zks_getRawBlockTransactions` | | | `zks_getTestnetPaymaster` | | | `zks_getTokenPrice` | | | `zks_getTransactionDetails` | | | `zks_L1BatchNumber` | | | `zks_L1ChainId` | | ### `en` Namespace This namespace includes methods that external nodes call on the main node during syncing. If this namespace is active, other ENs can sync using this node. ### Reference * # Getting Started Work In Progress Coming soon. # Developing dApps Work In Progress Coming soon. # Important Links All of Zulu's most important links, in one place. ⭐ **Zulu Staking:** 💡 **Resources:** 📚 **Whitepaper:** 🖼️ **Brand Assets:** 🌏 **Ecosystem:** 📅 **Roadmap:** 📖 **Github** [Join the community.](/support-and-community/join-the-community) **Testnet Links (Lwazi ended)** 🌉 **Zulu Bridge:** 🔍 **Zulu Explorer:** ⭐ **Zulu Lwazi:** (Ecosystem Points) # $ZULU Utility Details are subject to change.
Zulu Network adopts a transparent and incentivizing tokenomics model that encourages participation and growth: **- Bitcoin Layer 2 Architecture:** Built on top of the Bitcoin blockchain with Bitcoin Network finality, Zulu Network enhances transaction speeds, reduces costs, and maintains the security of the Bitcoin network while introducing EVM compatibility for easy integration of existing Ethereum decentralized applications (dApps). **- Utility Token for DePIN and AI**: **$ZULU** functions as the core utility token within the Zulu ecosystem, facilitating transactions, staking, and governance. It powers decentralized physical infrastructure networks (DePIN) and AI applications, providing users with access to critical protocols while securing network operations. **- Staking Mechanism**: Users can stake **$ZULU** tokens to contribute to the network’s security and operation. By staking, participants power DePIN protocols and AI applications, earning rewards in **Bitcoin (BTC)** and **$ZULU** tokens. **- Decentralized Governance:** Zulu Network's community-centric governance model allows stakeholders to make critical decisions regarding protocol developments, revenue sharing, and ecosystem growth, creating a truly decentralized ecosystem. **- Utility Token:** $ZULU serves as the native utility token within Zulu Network, necessary for transactions, staking, and governance. **- Earning Mechanism:** Users can earn Bitcoin rewards by staking $ZULU tokens and powering DePIN innovations. **Sustainable Business Model**: Zulu's decentralized model reduces costs by leveraging user staking to power DePIN and AI, creating a self-sustaining ecosystem with exciting rewards. # Roadmap To ensure a successful launch, Zulu Network will follow a phased implementation strategy. [Link to the roadmap here.](https://zulunetwork.io/roadmap) ## Development Phases **Phase 1 -** **Concept and Design:** Finalize technical and economic designs, engage early community members, and refine the project based on feedback \[Completed NOV 2023]. **Phase 2 -** **Prototype and Testing:** Launch a minimum viable product (MVP) to test core functionalities and gather further user feedback. Multiple Testnets Issued and updated from \[APR-OCT 2024] **Phase 3 –** **Mainnet Full Launch:** EVM Mainnet launch with open participation, and user support \[Estimated OCT 2024]. **Phase 4 –** DePIN Launch: Deploy the initial DePIN staking \[Estimated NOV/DEC 2024]. **Phase 5 –** **AI Agents & dAPPs Launch:** Deploy Zulu Network DeAI concepts and models \[Estimated Q1 2025]. **Phase 6 – AI Mining:** decentralized AI mining launch \[Estimated Q2 2025]. **Phase 7 – DePIN Expansion:** due to our scalable EVM compatible Bitcoin L2 architecture, we plan to enable any DePIN activation imaginable right on Bitcoin finality \[Estimated Q3 2025]. **Phase 8 – Full EVM + DePIN Launch:** launch of the full Mainnet with EVM and DePIN layer capabilities \[Estimated Q4 2025]. ## Roadmap & Future Expansions
At Zulu Network, our vision is to democratize access to staking and participation in decentralized networks, ensuring that everyone can contribute to and benefit from the growing landscape of blockchain technology. Our mission is to provide a seamless and user-friendly platform that integrates DePIN with cutting-edge AI applications. The future of Zulu Network holds so much more, with DeAI and dApp expansions, devices, AI agents, models, and so much more. Due to our scalable EVM compatible Bitcoin L2 architecture, we plan to enable any DePIN activation imaginable right on Bitcoin finality.
# Developer Incentives We welcome all innovations, providing the tools and ecosystem to create groundbreaking decentralized solutions. Building an engaged community is vital to the success of Zulu Network. Various initiatives will encourage participation, innovation, and collaboration. **- Grants and Bounties:** Zulu Network will offer grants and bounties to encourage developers to build on the platform, enhancing the available application ecosystem.
> Apply for the Zulu Grants Program: **- Hackathons:** Regular hackathons will be organized to foster innovation and gather feedback from the community. # Join the Community Get involved and be part of the Community. The Zulu Network welcomes you to a worldwide, decentralized family of developers, validators, users, and hodlers 🤝🌏 🦜 **Twitter:** [https://twitter.com/zulu\_network ]() 🇹 **Telegram:** [https://t.me/ZuluNetwork ]() 🇨🇳 **CH Telegram:** 🎮 **Discord** 📚 **Medium:** 💻 **Website:** 📖 **Github:** # FAQs Frequently Asked Questions (and Answers) about the Zulu Network. ## All Questions List
What is Zulu Network?How does Zulu Network enhance Bitcoin's functionality?
What makes Zulu Network different from other blockchain platforms?What is staking in the Zulu Network and how can I participate?
What are ZSP Points?What is DePIN, and why is it important?
Can you explain how DePIN contributes to real-world asset tokenization?How does Zulu Network facilitate tokenization?
What is EVM compatibility and why is it important for Zulu Network?What unique architecture does Zulu Network utilize?
What role does AI play in Zulu Network?What should I do if I encounter technical issues while using Zulu Network?
What is BitVM and how does it facilitate Zulu's functionality?How does Zulu Network ensure transparency and efficiency in its operations?
What security measures does Zulu Network implement?What are the benefits of using Zulu Network for developers?
How does Zulu Network's modular design benefit its users and developers?What is the ZULU token, and what is its role within the network?
What are the future plans for Zulu Network?Where can I find more resources and documentation about Zulu Network?
How can projects collaborate with Zulu Network?How can I participate in Zulu Network?
## Q1 What is Zulu Network? Zulu Network is a pioneering Bitcoin layer 2 solution specifically optimized for Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. By combining the security of Bitcoin with the flexibility of Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatible technology, Zulu Network aims to create a decentralized framework that tokenizes not just computing power but also real-world assets and data essential for powering AI applications. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q2 How does Zulu Network enhance Bitcoin's functionality? Zulu Network enhances the Bitcoin blockchain by leveraging recent upgrades like Segregated Witness (SegWit) and Taproot. These upgrades allow for increased transaction data capacity and enable new functionalities, such as issuing tokens on the Bitcoin blockchain. By utilizing these enhancements, Zulu Network enables seamless operations for DePIN and AI projects, smart contracts, dApps, and defi, making it easier for developers and users to engage with these technologies without compromising Bitcoin’s core security features. Zulu Network leverages Bitcoin's security while providing greater scalability, lower transaction costs, and faster processing times through its layer 2 architecture. By introducing EVM + UTXO layers, that bring Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) compatibility, support for Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) and account-based smart contracts, DePIN, and other advanced features to Bitcoin, Zulu network expands Bitcoin’s use cases and value proposition. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q3 What makes Zulu Network different from other blockchain platforms? Zulu Network stands out due to its unique focus on integrating Bitcoin’s security with EVM compatibility specifically for DePIN applications. This three-layer architecture not only enhances operational efficiency but also fosters a collaborative environment where innovative projects can thrive. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q4 What is staking in the Zulu Network and how can I participate? Staking in the Zulu Network allows users to lock their tokens in the network to support operations and security, earning rewards in return for their contributions. Users can lock up assets—such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, BNB, and Tether—to support network operations or specific projects. In return, stakers earn rewards based on their contributions, helping to incentivize participation in the ecosystem. Users can participate in staking by holding Zulu tokens in their wallets, accessing the staking interface, and selecting their preferred staking options based on desired rewards and risk profiles. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q5 What are ZSP Points? ZSP points, or Zulu Staking Points, are earned by users who engage with our pre-mainnet staking. As users stake their assets—such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, BNB, or Tether—they earn these points based on the amount staked and the duration of the lock period. Users can participate in staking by holding Zulu tokens in their wallets, accessing the staking interface, and selecting their preferred staking options based on desired rewards and risk profiles. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q6 What is DePIN, and why is it important? Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Networks (DePIN) refer to networks that allow users to share and monetize their physical resources, such as computing power, storage, and bandwidth. DePIN builds on the concept of Real World Assets (RWA) by enabling tokenization of various resources, thereby democratizing access to infrastructure. DePIN aims to democratize access to infrastructure, reducing reliance on centralized services and enhancing data security. DePIN is crucial because it empowers individuals to own and control their infrastructure, reducing risks associated with centralized systems. Relying on centralized servers can pose significant threats to data privacy and accessibility. DePIN provides a scalable solution that mirrors nature's distributed information processing model. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q7 Can you explain how DePIN contributes to real-world asset tokenization? DePIN facilitates real-world asset tokenization by allowing users to share physical resources in a decentralized manner. This enables efficient asset utilization while providing transparency and security through blockchain technology, making it easier for individuals and businesses to tokenize their assets securely. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q8 How does Zulu Network facilitate tokenization? Zulu Network facilitates tokenization by allowing users to tokenize computing power and other resources on the Bitcoin blockchain. For instance, miners can tokenize their hash rate, enabling community participation in funding and sharing profits while maintaining security through blockchain technology. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q9 What is EVM compatibility and why is it important for Zulu Network? EVM compatibility refers to the ability of a blockchain network to support and execute smart contracts and dApps originally designed for the Ethereum network. EVM compatibility allows developers familiar with Ethereum's programming language (Solidity) to easily transition their projects to the Zulu Network ecosystem. This opens up opportunities for innovation and collaboration while leveraging Bitcoin's security features, and significantly broadens the scope of functionalities and services available on Bitcoin. For Zulu Network, EVM compatibility allows for the seamless migration and integration of established Ethereum-based applications, significantly broadening the scope of functionalities and services available on Bitcoin​​. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q10 What unique architecture does Zulu Network utilize? Zulu Network employs a three-layer architecture: \- Layer 1: The Bitcoin mainnet, which serves as the foundational layer. \- Layer 2: The ZuluEVM layer, which is fully EVM-compatible and allows for decentralized applications. \- Layer 3: The ZuluDePIN layer, a UTXO-based layer that enhances tokenization capabilities while maintaining compatibility with Bitcoin's existing structure. This architecture allows for efficient resource sharing while ensuring security. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q11 What role does AI play in Zulu Network? AI is integral to optimizing resource allocation, enhancing operational efficiency, and promoting transparency by leveraging the Zulu Network ecosystem. By enabling AI applications to run on decentralized infrastructure, we aim to create a more efficient and convenient environment for both developers and users. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q12 What should I do if I encounter technical issues while using Zulu Network? For technical support, you can refer to the Zulu Network documentation, FAQs, or submit a query through the support channels available on the website. {% embed url="" %} [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q13 What is BitVM and how does it facilitate Zulu's functionality? BitVM is a Turing-complete virtual machine that brings programmability to the Bitcoin network. It is used within Zulu Network to verify state proofs and ensure the integrity and finality of transactions on Bitcoin, thereby extending Bitcoin's capabilities to support complex applications and smart contracts​​. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q14 How does Zulu Network ensure transparency and efficiency in its operations? Transparency is ensured through the immutable nature of blockchain technology, which provides a clear record of all transactions and interactions within the network. By integrating AI applications within a decentralized framework, Zulu Network ensures that users can trust how their data is utilized while benefiting from enhanced computational capabilities. The immutable nature of blockchain technology provides a transparent record of transactions and interactions. AI plays a significant role in optimizing resource allocation and enhancing operational efficiency within the Zulu Network ecosystem. By enabling AI applications to run on decentralized infrastructure, we aim to create a more efficient and transparent environment for both developers and users. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q15 What security measures does Zulu Network implement? Zulu Network prioritizes security by implementing robust measures within our infrastructure, ensuring that user data remains protected while facilitating transparent AI operations. Zulu Network implements various security measures such as the use of Zero-Knowledge Proofs for privacy and security, BitVM for verifying state transitions on Bitcoin, and a combination of PoW and PoS mechanisms to maintain network integrity and prevent fraudulent activities. Our architecture leverages best practices from both blockchain technology and hardware-level security. Zulu Network has proudly been audited by our security partner ScaleBit, whose full audit report can be found here [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q16 What are the benefits of using Zulu Network for developers? Zulu Network offers developers an EVM-compatible environment, making it easy for them to port existing Ethereum projects into the Bitcoin ecosystem. This opens up new opportunities for innovation and collaboration while leveraging Bitcoin's security. Developers can find more information, join the ecosystem, and apply for a grant to help you get started here Developers can get involved with Zulu Network by utilizing its open-source codebase, participating in network testnets, and leveraging the extensive documentation and developer tools provided by Zulu to create and deploy smart contracts and dApps within the Zulu ecosystem​​. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q17 How does Zulu Network's modular design benefit its users and developers? The modular design of Zulu Network allows for flexibility and scalability in its architecture, making it easier to update and maintain. It benefits developers by providing a platform where components can be independently upgraded or replaced, facilitating innovation and customization. Users benefit from the continuous improvement in services and features, as well as enhanced security and stability due to isolated module updates. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q18 What is the ZULU token, and what is its role within the network? The ZULU token is the native cryptocurrency of Zulu Network, designed to incentivize participation, support network security, and provide rewards through mechanisms like staking and transaction fees. It also has governance components, and much more [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q19 What are the future plans for Zulu Network? The Zulu Network aims to expand its features, enhance user experience, and collaborate with various projects to develop new applications and use cases within its ecosystem. Looking ahead, Zulu Network aims to expand its ecosystem by onboarding more innovative projects, including in the DePIN and AI space. We are committed to fostering an environment where all sorts of decentralized technologies can thrive, ultimately enhancing user engagement and driving forward the integration of AI with blockchain. The full roadmap can be found here: [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q20 Where can I find more resources and documentation about Zulu Network? Resources and documentation about Zulu Network can be found on the official Zulu Network website, its GitHub repository, and within the community forums and developer portals that provide technical papers, guides, and API documentation​​. [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q21 How can projects collaborate with Zulu Network? Projects interested in collaborating with Zulu Network can reach out through the official channels to explore partnership opportunities, integration possibilities, and co-development initiatives. To see projects already partnered and building with Zulu Network, please visit our ecosystem page here [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list) ## Q22 How can I participate on Zulu Network? You can participate in Zulu Network by staking your assets on our platform, including BTC, ETH, USDT, and BNB, to support innovative DePIN and AI projects. This participation allows you to earn rewards while contributing to the growth of our ecosystem. For builders, we invite you to explore our technical details on Github and our documentation and to apply for an ecosystem grant to help get your project started. More details can be found here [Return to beginning.](#all-questions-list)